accelerating rotarod apparatus  (Panlab)

Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Glutamatergic Neurons in the Cerebellar Lateral Nucleus Contribute to Motor Deficits Induced by Chronic Sleep Disturbance

doi: 10.3390/brainsci15111185

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronic sleep disruption impairs locomotor activity and motor coordination. ( A ) Schematic diagram of the open field test (OFT) used to assess locomotor behavior. ( B ) Representative movement trajectories of control mice (left) and CSD mice (right) during the 30 min OFT. ( C – E ) Quantification of locomotor parameters during the 30 min OFT. Compared with controls, CSD mice showed a significant reduction in total distance traveled ( C ), average velocity ( D ), whereas no significant difference was observed in percentage of active time ( E ). Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 9 per group). Unpaired two-tailed t -tests: C: t (16) = 2.229, p = 0.0405; D: t (16) = 2.228, p = 0.041; E: t (16) = 0.797, p = 0.437. * p < 0.05. ( F ) Schematic representation of the rotarod apparatus used to assess motor coordination and learning. ( G ) Rotarod performance across three consecutive testing days (three trials per day). On Day 1, CSD mice exhibited a significantly shorter latency to fall compared to controls. Performance gradually improved across days in both groups, and no significant differences were detected on Days 2 and 3. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 9 per group). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post hoc test, F (1,16) = 6.516, p = 0.0213. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Mice were tested on a five-lane accelerating rotarod apparatus (SANS Bio-Tech, Nantong, Jiangsu, China), as previously described [ ] with minor modifications.

Techniques: Disruption, Activity Assay, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Glutamatergic Neurons in the Cerebellar Lateral Nucleus Contribute to Motor Deficits Induced by Chronic Sleep Disturbance

doi: 10.3390/brainsci15111185

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemogenetic activation of Lat Vglut2+ neurons reduces locomotor activity and motor coordination. ( A ) Schematic of bilateral stereotaxic injection of rAAV-DIO-hM3Dq-mCherry into the Lat of Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing expression of hM3D(Gq)-mCherry (red) and c-Fos (green) in the Lat of Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice. Compared with mCherry controls (left), hM3Dq-expressing mice (right) exhibited robust c-Fos expression following CNO administration, confirming chemogenetic activation of Lat Vglut2+ neurons. White dashed lines outline the boundaries of the lateral nucleus. Scale bar: 200 μm. ( C ) Representative movement trajectories from mCherry or hM3Dq mice during the 30 min OFT. ( D – F ) Quantification of locomotor parameters during the 30 min OFT. Compared with controls, hM3Dq mice showed a significant reduction in total distance traveled ( D ), average velocity ( E ), and active time ( F ). Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 9 per group). Unpaired two-tailed t -tests: ( D ) t (16) = 3.960, p = 0.0011; ( E ) t (16) = 3.960, p = 0.0011; ( F ) t (16) = 4.029, p = 0.0010. ** p < 0.01. ( G ) Rotarod performance over three consecutive days (three trials per day). On Day 1, hM3Dq-expressing mice exhibited a significantly shorter latency to fall compared to controls. Performance progressively improved across subsequent days in both groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 9 per group). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test, F (1,16) = 14.72, p = 0.0015. ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Mice were tested on a five-lane accelerating rotarod apparatus (SANS Bio-Tech, Nantong, Jiangsu, China), as previously described [ ] with minor modifications.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Injection, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Glutamatergic Neurons in the Cerebellar Lateral Nucleus Contribute to Motor Deficits Induced by Chronic Sleep Disturbance

doi: 10.3390/brainsci15111185

Figure Lengend Snippet: Selective ablation of Lat Vglut2+ neurons impairs locomotor performance and motor coordination. ( A ) Schematic of bilateral stereotaxic injection of rAAV-EF1α-FLEX-taCasp3 into the Lat of Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice to induce Cre-dependent neuronal ablation. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing NeuN (green) and DAPI (blue) staining in the Lat of control and taCasp3-treated mice, confirming neuronal loss following taCasp3 expression. White dashed lines outline the boundaries of the lateral nucleus. Scale bars: 500 μm. ( C ) Representative movement trajectories of control and taCasp3-treated mice in the 30 min OFT. ( D – F ) Quantification of locomotor activity during the 30 min OFT. Compared to controls, taCasp3-treated mice exhibited significantly reduced total distance traveled ( D ) and average velocity ( E ), whereas the percentage of active time ( F ) was not significantly different. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 10 per group). Unpaired two-tailed t -tests: ( D ) t (18) = 2.580, p = 0.019; ( E ) t (18) = 2.592, p = 0.018; ( F ) t (18) = 1.584, p = 0.131. * p < 0.05. ( G ) Rotarod performance across three consecutive days (three trials per day). On Day 1, taCasp3-treated mice exhibited significantly shorter latency to fall compared to controls. Motor performance gradually improved over subsequent trials in both groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 11 per group). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test, F (1,20) = 10.07, p = 0.0048. ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Mice were tested on a five-lane accelerating rotarod apparatus (SANS Bio-Tech, Nantong, Jiangsu, China), as previously described [ ] with minor modifications.

Techniques: Injection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control, Expressing, Activity Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Glutamatergic Neurons in the Cerebellar Lateral Nucleus Contribute to Motor Deficits Induced by Chronic Sleep Disturbance

doi: 10.3390/brainsci15111185

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemogenetic inhibition of Lat Vglut2+ neurons attenuates CSD-induced motor deficits. ( A ) Schematic representation of bilateral stereotaxic injection of rAAV-DIO-hM4Di-mCherry into the Lat of Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing mCherry (red) and c-Fos (green) expression in control (mCherry) and hM4Di-expressing mice. White dashed lines delineate the boundaries of the Lat. Quantification of c-Fos-positive cells revealed a significant reduction in neuronal activity in the hM4Di group (red circles) compared with the mCherry control group (white circles). Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 5 per group). Unpaired two-tailed t -tests: t (4) = 4.079, p = 0.004. ** p < 0.01. Scale bar: 200 μm. ( C ) Representative movement trajectories of mice from mCherry-Ctrl, mCherry-CSD, and hM4Di-CSD groups during the 30 min OFT. ( D – F ) Quantification of locomotor activity during the 30 min OFT. Compared with mCherry-CSD mice, hM4Di-expressing CSD mice exhibited significantly increased total distance traveled ( D ), average velocity ( E ), while the percentage of active time showed a non-significant increasing trend ( F ). Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 5 per group), One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05. ( G ) Rotarod performance across three consecutive days (three trials per day). On Day 1, hM4Di-expressing CSD mice displayed longer latency to fall compared with mCherry-CSD control. No significant group differences were detected on Days 2–3. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 5 per group). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Mice were tested on a five-lane accelerating rotarod apparatus (SANS Bio-Tech, Nantong, Jiangsu, China), as previously described [ ] with minor modifications.

Techniques: Inhibition, Injection, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Control, Activity Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cureus

Article Title: Electroacupuncture Inhibits Cartilage Degeneration in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) Model by Suppressing ADAMTS5 Expression

doi: 10.7759/cureus.73736

Figure Lengend Snippet: Electroacupuncture alleviated the decrease in motor coordination. The rotarod test was performed before surgery and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-surgery. The time spent on the rotarod apparatus is shown. All data represent mean ± SEM (n = 6). ** P < 0.01 versus the control group, ## P < 0.01 versus the sham group, $ P < 0.05, $$ P < 0.01 versus the KOA group based on the ANOVA followed by the Tukey's test. KOA, Knee osteoarthritis; ST36, Zusanli; LR8, Ququan; Ex-LE2, Heding

Article Snippet: In this study, an automated accelerating rotarod apparatus (lane width: 75 mm; a rod diameter: 60 mm) (LE8305, Panlab Harvard Apparatus, Barcelona, Spain) was employed.

Techniques: Control